پژوهشنامه بازرگانی

پژوهشنامه بازرگانی

مدل مفهومی ظرفیت‌سازی نوآوری کسب وکارهای گردشگری متناسب با شرایط ناپایدار محیطی (مطالعه اربیل عراق)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری بین الملل مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.
2 دانشیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.
3 دانشیار گروه مدیریت دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران
4 استادیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.
چکیده
هدف از این پژوهش شناسایی عوامل و ارائه مدل مفهومی ظرفیت‌سازی نوآوری برای کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری اربیل عراق در شرایط ناپایدار و بحران‌های محیطی این کشور بود. روش تحقیق از نوع کیفی با رویکرد تماتیک انتخاب شد. مشارکت‌کنندگان پژوهش شامل صاحب‌نظران علمی (اساتید و پژوهشگران دانشگاهی) و صاحب‌نظران اجرایی (مدیران، مشاوران و کارشناسان سازمان‌ها و کسب‌وکارها) در زمینه موضوع پژوهش بودند. تعداد نمونه بر حسب حصول اشباع نظری 18 نفر انتخاب گردید. نمونه‌گیری نیز به روش نظری (قضاوتی) و بر مبنای تخصص، تجربه و مسئولیت صاحب‌نظران انجام شد. ابزار پژوهش مصاحبه‌ اکتشافی نیمه هدایت شده بود. روایی ابزار و نتایج پژوهش براساس مطلوب بودن شایستگی علمی و اجرایی مصاحبه‌شوندگان، تأیید روایی محتوای چارچوب مصاحبه توسط پژوهشگران خبره و میزان توافق بین دو مصحح کدگذاری (72/0) ارزیابی و تأیید گردید. جهت تحلیل یافته‌ها از روش کدگذاری مفهومی چهار مرحله‌ای با رویکرد تحلیل تماتیک استفاده شد. مضامین مستخرج شامل \k[ مضمون کلی، 11 مضمون اصلی، 42 مضمون فرعی و 182 کد محوری بود و براساس آن شبکه مضامین ترسیم گردید. مضامین کلی شامل؛ چالش‌های کارآفرینی و کسب‌وکار در گردشگری، کارآمدی مدیریت صنعت گردشگری برای شرایط ناپایدار، ظرفیت اکوسیستم نوآوری و کارآفرینی گردشگری، توسعه ظرفیت‌ نوآوری در کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری و کارکردهای ظرفیت نوآوری در صنعت گردشگری اربیل بود. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان گفت که ظرفیت‌سازی نوآوری متناسب با شرایط بحران در کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری یک فرآیند چندسطحی و چندبعدی است که از طریق زمینه‌یابی و همسوسازی همزمان بخش‌ها و سازوکارهای ظرفیت‌سازی، نوآوری و مدیریت بحران در محیط صنعت گردشگری و سیستم کسب‌وکارهای آن حاصل می‌شود.
 
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Conceptual Model of Capacity Building for Innovation in Tourism Businesses Under Unstable Environmental Conditions: A Study of Erbil, Iraq

نویسندگان English

Aram Izzeddin Nejmeddin 1
mohsen akbari 2
, mohammad doostar 3
, keikhosro yakideh 4
1 International PhD student, Business Administration, Gilan University, Rasht, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Department, University of Guilan , Rasht, Iran.
3 Associate professor of Management Department, University of Guilan
4 Assistant Prof., Department of Management, University of Guilan, Rasht
چکیده English

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors and provide a conceptual model for innovation capacity building in the tourism businesses of Erbil, Iraq, amid the unstable conditions and environmental crises affecting the country. For this Purpose, the qualitative research method was chosen with a thematic approach. Research participants included scientific experts (university professors and researchers) and executive experts (managers, consultants, and organizational experts) who served as subjects in the study. The sample size was determined based on theoretical saturation, resulting in 18 participants. Sampling was conducted in a theoretical (judgmental) manner, relying on the experts’ qualifications, experience, and responsibilities. The research tool employed was a semi-structured exploratory interview. The validity of the research tools and results was assessed and confirmed based on the scientific and executive competence of the interviewees, the content validity of the interview framework as evaluated by expert researchers, and the agreement between two coders (0.72). To analyze the findings, a four-step conceptual coding method utilizing a thematic analysis approach was implemented. The extracted themes included 5 general themes, 11 main themes, 42 sub-themes, and 182 core codes, leading to the development of a thematic network. The general themes are as follows: the challenges of entrepreneurship and business in tourism, the efficiency of tourism industry management under unstable conditions, the capacity of the innovation ecosystem and tourism entrepreneurship, the development of innovation capacity in tourism businesses, and the functions of innovation capacity in the Erbil tourism industry. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that capacity building for innovation in response to crisis conditions in tourism businesses is a multi-level and multidimensional process. This process is achieved through the contextualization and simultaneous alignment of capacity building, innovation, and crisis management sectors and mechanisms within the tourism industry and its business ecosystem.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Business Capacity / Crisis Management / Tourism Innovation / Erbil Tourism / Iraqi Tourism
Ahmad, N., Youjin, L., & Hdia, M. (2022). The role of innovation and tourism in sustainability: why is environment-friendly tourism necessary for entrepreneurship? Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134799
Akbay, C., Khalil, D. M., & Odel, N. M. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 on small businesses in the North of Iraq. World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 6(1), 21-23. https://doi.org/10.33865/wjb.006.01.0400 
Akhbari Azad, M. A. A., Shahabadi, A., & Haghkhah, D. (2022). The Effect of Types of Capital on the Development of Tourism Industry in the Selected Countriesry. Iranian Journal of Trade Studies, 26(103), 77-106. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijts.2021.246914  [In Persian]
Ali Dawood, S., & Sh. Al-Hinkawi, W. (2022). Sustainable Transportation for Healthy Tourist Environment: Erbil City-Iraq a Case Study. In International Symposium: New Metropolitan Perspectives (pp. 2496-2504). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_238
Ali, S. N., & Nazmi, D. O. (2023). The role of business incubators in supporting and developing the international competitiveness of small projects in Iraq. Materials Today: Proceedings, 80, 3111-3118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.174
ALmasoodi, M. F., Rahman, S., Basendwah, M., & ALfarra, A. N. (2023). Leveraging Digital Transformation to Enhance Quality Tourism Services in Babylon City, Iraq. International Journal of Sustainable Development & Planning, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.181020
Ameen, N., Madichie, N. O., & Anand, A. (2023). Between handholding and hand-held devices: Marketing through smartphone innovation and women’s entrepreneurship in post conflict economies in times of crisis. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(1), 401-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10198-6
Bartik, A. W., Bertrand, M., Cullen, Z., Glaeser, E. L., Luca, M., & Stanton, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(30), 17656-17666. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006991117
Bouchon, F., & Rawat, K. (2016). Rural areas of ASEAN and tourism services, a field for innovative solutions. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.398
Broshi-Chen, O., & Mansfeld, Y. (2021). A wasted invitation to innovate? Creativity and innovation in tourism crisis management: A QC&IM approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 272-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.01.003
Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 484-490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928
Butler, G. (2017). Fostering community empowerment and capacity building through tourism: Perspectives from Dullstroom, South Africa. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(3), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2015.1133631
Cesaroni, F. M., Sentuti, A., & Cubico, S. (2020). Small Family Firms and Strategies Coping the Economic Crisis: The Influence of Socio-emotional Wealth. In Entrepreneurship and Family Business Vitality (pp. 27-48). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15526-1_3
Chen, Z., Li, P., Liao, L., & Wang, Z. (2020). Assessing and Addressing the Coronavirus-Induced Economic Crisis: Evidence from 1.5 Billion Business Transactions in China. Available at SSRN 3661014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102144
Cortez, R. M., & Johnston, W. J. (2020). The Coronavirus crisis in B2B settings: Crisis uniqueness and managerial implications based on social exchange theory. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.004
Coyne, C. J., & Coyne, R. (2019). The economic reconstruction of Iraq. In Economic and political institutions and development (pp. 21-40). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06049-7_2
Crick, J. M., & Crick, D. (2020). Coopetition and COVID-19: Collaborative business-to-business marketing strategies in a pandemic crisis. Industrial Marketing Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.016
Cuomo, M. T., Tortora, D., Foroudi, P., Giordano, A., Festa, G., & Metallo, G. (2021). Digital transformation and tourist experience co-design: Big social data for planning cultural tourism. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120345
Elshaer, A. M., & Marzouk, A. M. (2024). Memorable tourist experiences: the role of smart tourism technologies and hotel innovations. Tourism Recreation Research, 49(3), 445-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2027203
Faris, H., & Griffin, K. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on religious tourism and pilgrimage to the holy city of Karbala. The international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage, 8(7), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.21427/dkd5-vt63
Ghaderi, Z., Abooali, G., & Henderson, J. (2018). Community capacity building for tourism in a heritage village: The case of Hawraman Takht in Iran. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(4), 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1361429 [In Persian]
Harun, R., Chiciudean, G. O ., Sirwan, K., Arion, F. H., & Muresan, I. C. (2018). Attitudes and perceptions of the local community towards sustainable tourism development in Kurdistan regional government, Iraq. Sustainability, 10(9), 2991. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10092991
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). The “war over tourism”: challenges to sustainable tourism in the tourism academy after COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(4), 551-569. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1803334
Kawaguchi, K., Kodama, N., & Tanaka, M. (2020). Small business under the covid-19 crisis: Expected short-and medium-run effects of anti-contagion and economic policies. Available at SSRN 3634544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2021.101138
Lee, S. M., & Trimi, S. (2020). Convergence innovation in the digital age and in the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Journal of Business Research, 123, 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.041
Martínez-Pérez, Á., Elche, D., & García-Villaverde, P. M. (2019). From diversity of interorganizational relationships to radical innovation in tourism destination: The role of knowledge exploration. Journal of destination marketing & management, 11, 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.002
Millar, P., & Doherty, A. (2021). Readiness to build capacity in community sport organizations. Managing Sport and Leisure, 26(1-2), 22-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2020.1763830
Mohammed, M. W., Feizizadeh, B., Klug, H., Ghanbari, A., & Blaschke, T. (2023). Ecotourism sustainability assessment using geospatial multiple approach in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. GeoJournal, 88(3), 3283-3306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10807-0  [In Persian]
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C. & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Omer, A. M., & Yeşiltaş, M. (2020). Modeling the impact of wars and terrorism on tourism demand in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Portuguese Economic Journal, 19, 301-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-020-00178-0
Park, H., Lee, M., & Back, K. J. (2023). A critical review of technology-driven service innovation in hospitality and tourism: current discussions and future research agendas. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(12), 4502-4534. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2022-0875
Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus (covid-19) and entrepreneurship: changing life and work landscape. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(5), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2020.1790167
Saeed, M. H., & Shanan, H. A. (2020). Economic conditions and bank performance: evidence from pre-war, transition and post-war economy in Iraq. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 22.  https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2020.22.1.29
Shen, W., Yang, C., & GAO, L. (2020). Address business crisis caused by COVID-19 with collaborative intelligent manufacturing technologies. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing, 2(2), 96-99. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-cim.2020.0041
Shubbar, E. K. A., Sattar, M. A., & Fahad, A. L. E. S. (2019). The economic importance of museums and their role in the development of cultural tourism With reference to Iraq. Transylvanian Review, 27(45). http://transylvanianreviewjournal.com/index.php/TR/article/view/142 
Šontaitė-Petkevičienė, M. (2014). Crisis management to avoid damage for corporate reputation: the case of retail chain crisis in the Baltic countries. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 452-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.220
Tyner, J. (2017). The business of war: Workers, warriors and hostages in occupied Iraq. Routledge.Škare, M., Soriano, D. R., & Porada-Rochoń, M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the travel and tourism industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163, 120469. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351147569
Vasiljeva, T., & Stadnyk, A. (2019). Innovative Approaches to Evaluation of Concentration of the Banking System as a Basis of Improving the State Crisis Management. Маркетинг і менеджмент інновацій, (1), 302-313. http://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2019.1-25
Wang, M. Y., Li, Y. Q., Ruan, W. Q., Zhang, S. N., & Li, R. (2024). Influencing factors and formation process of cultural inheritance-based innovation at heritage tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 100, 104799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104799
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impact and Recovery. https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-and-tourism-2020
Yan, P. (2020). Business fixed investment of Chinese manufacturing firms in the post-financial crisis era. China Economic Journal, 13(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2019.1700630
Zhu, L., Anagondahalli, D., & Zhang, A. (2017). Social media and culture in crisis communication: McDonald’s and KFC crises management in China. Public Relations Review, 43(3), 487-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.03.006
 
 

  • تاریخ دریافت 12 شهریور 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 19 آبان 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 14 آذر 1403