Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Product Complexity and Participation in Global Value Chain: The Case of Iran and OIC Member CountriesProduct Complexity and Participation in Global Value Chain: The Case of Iran and OIC Member Countries14625415010.22034/ijts.2022.549208.3606FAParisaYaghoubi ManzariEconomics/ Central Tehran Branch /Islamic Azad University/ Tehran/IranAliakbarKhosravinejad. Economics/ Central Tehran Branch /Islamic Azad University/ Tehran/Iran (responsible author)AlirezaAmini. Economics/ Central Tehran Branch /Islamic Azad University/ Tehran/IranSepehrGhazinori. Department of Information Technology Management/ Faculty of Management and Economics/ Tarbiat Modares University/Tehran/IranJournal Article20220220In today's competitive world, one of the ways to achieve higher economic growth is to enter the global value chains. One of the determinants of participation in global value chains, is the complexity of products. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effect of degree of complexity of products on participation in global value chains for Islamic countries was measured. For this purpose, a panel data covering time series for the period of 2018-2008 for 56 Islamic countries (including Iran) was developed. Then the factors affecting participation in global value chains were examined using the generalized and the ordinary least squares method. According to the study, the complexity of Iranian products has increased significantly in the recent years, compared to the other countries. The significance of effect of product complexity index and technology absorption index on participation of Iran and Islamic countries in global value chains was statistically confirmed. Thus, one of the proposed policies for economic development and growth is to enter the global value chains by increasing the complexity of products and absorbing technology. It should be noted that no study has been conducted on this issue in Iran and this study for the first time has discussed the effect of export complexity on the participation of Islamic countries and Iran in global value chains.In today's competitive world, one of the ways to achieve higher economic growth is to enter the global value chains. One of the determinants of participation in global value chains, is the complexity of products. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effect of degree of complexity of products on participation in global value chains for Islamic countries was measured. For this purpose, a panel data covering time series for the period of 2018-2008 for 56 Islamic countries (including Iran) was developed. Then the factors affecting participation in global value chains were examined using the generalized and the ordinary least squares method. According to the study, the complexity of Iranian products has increased significantly in the recent years, compared to the other countries. The significance of effect of product complexity index and technology absorption index on participation of Iran and Islamic countries in global value chains was statistically confirmed. Thus, one of the proposed policies for economic development and growth is to enter the global value chains by increasing the complexity of products and absorbing technology. It should be noted that no study has been conducted on this issue in Iran and this study for the first time has discussed the effect of export complexity on the participation of Islamic countries and Iran in global value chains.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_254150_437656adfa98cec53ea735315ed3063f.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Investigating the Interaction Effects of Exchange Rate Regimes and Inflation on Iran's Economic GrowthInvestigating the Interaction Effects of Exchange Rate Regimes and Inflation on Iran's Economic Growth477425415510.22034/ijts.2022.555537.3667FAHosseinAsgharpurProfosser of Economics, Universityof Tabriz, Tabriz, IranSadeqReazaeiPhD in Economics, University of Tehran0009-0009-5826-1127DavoodHamidi RaziDepartment of Economic Development / University of TabrizMansourHeydariMSc Graduated, Economics, University of Tabriz, (Corresponding Author).Journal Article20220610Inflation in the Iran’s economy, by reducing the competitiveness of domestic economic enterprises against foreign competitors, has led to reduction in production and their exit from the business cycle and, weakening of the national economy as the result. In order to maintain the competitiveness of domestic enterprises, the policy of increasing the exchange rate or adjusting the exchange rate with inflation can be considered as the most important factor in this respect. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction effects of the foreign exchange rate system and inflation on Iran's economic growth using the ARDL method for the period of 1360-1389. Experimental findings show that in Iran’s economy, the two variables of inflation and exchange rate flexibility have a direct negative effect on economic growth, but the interaction effects of the exchange rate systems and inflation on Iran's economic growth are positive.Inflation in the Iran’s economy, by reducing the competitiveness of domestic economic enterprises against foreign competitors, has led to reduction in production and their exit from the business cycle and, weakening of the national economy as the result. In order to maintain the competitiveness of domestic enterprises, the policy of increasing the exchange rate or adjusting the exchange rate with inflation can be considered as the most important factor in this respect. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction effects of the foreign exchange rate system and inflation on Iran's economic growth using the ARDL method for the period of 1360-1389. Experimental findings show that in Iran’s economy, the two variables of inflation and exchange rate flexibility have a direct negative effect on economic growth, but the interaction effects of the exchange rate systems and inflation on Iran's economic growth are positive.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_254155_60413fd1faa30eb4bc3ae3d4e4b88813.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Trade Partners Diversity Indicators of Iran and Asian Countries in International Trade; A Approach of Weighted Complex NetworkTrade Partners Diversity Indicators of Iran and Asian Countries in International Trade; A Approach of Weighted Complex Network7510425415110.22034/ijts.2022.550724.3616FAMohammadrezaLaliPhD Student, Department of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranSaeedDaei-KarimzadehDepartment of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranFarzadKarimiAssociate Professor, Department of Management, Mobarekeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mobarekeh, IranJournal Article20220316International trade studies indicate that trade relations of countries at the global and regional levels can be considered as a network and with this network and its indicators; the position of each country and region can be examined and analyzed. In examining the position of countries and their trade partners, unlike bilateral methods that examine only direct trade relations, the approach of network analysis and the resulting statistics -which are known as the indicators of trade partners’ diversity- can consider indirect trade relations and intermediary countries in trade networks. Statistics such as number of partners, degree of intensity, indicators of centrality and central position of each partner in the trade network, can be help to identify and explore connections, and to get a deeper visual understanding of a country's position in the regions and its hidden capacities in the trade network. As a result, the interactions of trade relations (direct and indirect) of all countries with each other can be revealed. This study is based on constructing a weighted matrix of trade relations network of all countries in five periods since 1998 to 2018. The results show that the of Iran's trade position has weakened during the reviewed periods and its network indicators have become more fragile after the sanctions. Based on the ranking of the mixed index obtained from the principal components of the trade partners’ diversity indicators, the appropriate trading partners for Iran in order of priority are: China, Japan, India, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, UAE, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. however, Iran has not been able to fully benefit from the trade capacities of the candidate countries in trade relations.International trade studies indicate that trade relations of countries at the global and regional levels can be considered as a network and with this network and its indicators; the position of each country and region can be examined and analyzed. In examining the position of countries and their trade partners, unlike bilateral methods that examine only direct trade relations, the approach of network analysis and the resulting statistics -which are known as the indicators of trade partners’ diversity- can consider indirect trade relations and intermediary countries in trade networks. Statistics such as number of partners, degree of intensity, indicators of centrality and central position of each partner in the trade network, can be help to identify and explore connections, and to get a deeper visual understanding of a country's position in the regions and its hidden capacities in the trade network. As a result, the interactions of trade relations (direct and indirect) of all countries with each other can be revealed. This study is based on constructing a weighted matrix of trade relations network of all countries in five periods since 1998 to 2018. The results show that the of Iran's trade position has weakened during the reviewed periods and its network indicators have become more fragile after the sanctions. Based on the ranking of the mixed index obtained from the principal components of the trade partners’ diversity indicators, the appropriate trading partners for Iran in order of priority are: China, Japan, India, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, UAE, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Turkey, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the Philippines. however, Iran has not been able to fully benefit from the trade capacities of the candidate countries in trade relations.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_254151_69507d907c4f144e48005d80714a3656.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Investigating and Ranking Factors Affecting the Penetration Rate in the Drug Market (Case Study: Approved Drugs for the Treatment of Covid-19 Disease)Investigating and Ranking Factors Affecting the Penetration Rate in the Drug Market (Case Study: Approved Drugs for the Treatment of Covid-19 Disease)10512625185710.22034/ijts.2022.251857FAMasoumehAyenehMaster, Department of Business Management, University of Payam Noor, Kermanshah, Iran.YaqobMahmodianAssistant Professor, Department of Economy, University of Payam Noor, Kermanshah, Iran.,0000-0002-8899-4198Journal Article20220308The main objective of this study is to investigate and rank the factors affecting the penetration rate in the drug market. This research is based on qualitative approach and uses grounded theory method. The qualitative part of the research was carried out by semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included doctors of pharmacy and university professors in economics and management. The sampling method was purposive and theoretical saturation was used which led to a sample size of 14. For this purpose, sampling was carried out according to snowball technique and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the qualitative part of the research, data was analyzed using open-ended, axial and selective coding. In order to rank the factors, AHP technique was used. In the current situation of the market, none of the companies can focus on all eight factors affecting the market penetration. Thus, ranking these factors can help them to take necessary actions for entering the drug market. Findings of this research can provide as a tool for senior managers in preparing suitable strategic plans.The main objective of this study is to investigate and rank the factors affecting the penetration rate in the drug market. This research is based on qualitative approach and uses grounded theory method. The qualitative part of the research was carried out by semi-structured interviews. The statistical population included doctors of pharmacy and university professors in economics and management. The sampling method was purposive and theoretical saturation was used which led to a sample size of 14. For this purpose, sampling was carried out according to snowball technique and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In the qualitative part of the research, data was analyzed using open-ended, axial and selective coding. In order to rank the factors, AHP technique was used. In the current situation of the market, none of the companies can focus on all eight factors affecting the market penetration. Thus, ranking these factors can help them to take necessary actions for entering the drug market. Findings of this research can provide as a tool for senior managers in preparing suitable strategic plans.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_251857_c720fd458c951b203fd58b8cf69f644c.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Ranking of National and Regional Attractiveness Indicators of
Private Sector Investment Opportunities Market in Iran'sRanking of National and Regional Attractiveness Indicators of
Private Sector Investment Opportunities Market in Iran's12715625415410.22034/ijts.2022.555002.3658FANaserSeifollahiAssociate Professor, Department of Business Management, Mohaghegh Ardabili University0000-0003-3084-256XJournal Article20220602Objective: With the dramatic changes in the world, due to advances in technology, globalization of markets, companies and industrial areas have faced new conditions of political economy. Therefore, deciding on the right market is one of the key decisions for the companies in achieving success, and has direct impact on their profitability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to rank the attractiveness of national and regional markets of private sector investment opportunities in industrial parks and areas of Iran, using the AHP method.
Method: In terms of orientation, the study lies in the category of applied research and in terms of nature, it lies in the category of exploratory research. It is also considered qualitative in terms of data certainty. Sampling was applied using the judgmental and purposeful method. The statistical population of the present study includes all experts, manages of industrial companies and university professors, from which 16 interviews were conducted and analyzed.
Results: After analyzing the interviews and prioritizing the results using the AHP method, 15 market attractiveness indicators were identified, including geographical distance, marketing growth rate, market size, rate and speed of the market growth, profit gaining opportunity in the market, intensity of competition, market stability, ease of entering the market (threat of new-comers), bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute goods, economic factors, environmental factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors and legal factors.
Results: By reviewing and summarizing the market attractiveness indicators that have been proposed in the previous researches, a set of indicators were provided to evaluate the potential of markets for investment.Objective: With the dramatic changes in the world, due to advances in technology, globalization of markets, companies and industrial areas have faced new conditions of political economy. Therefore, deciding on the right market is one of the key decisions for the companies in achieving success, and has direct impact on their profitability. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to rank the attractiveness of national and regional markets of private sector investment opportunities in industrial parks and areas of Iran, using the AHP method.
Method: In terms of orientation, the study lies in the category of applied research and in terms of nature, it lies in the category of exploratory research. It is also considered qualitative in terms of data certainty. Sampling was applied using the judgmental and purposeful method. The statistical population of the present study includes all experts, manages of industrial companies and university professors, from which 16 interviews were conducted and analyzed.
Results: After analyzing the interviews and prioritizing the results using the AHP method, 15 market attractiveness indicators were identified, including geographical distance, marketing growth rate, market size, rate and speed of the market growth, profit gaining opportunity in the market, intensity of competition, market stability, ease of entering the market (threat of new-comers), bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitute goods, economic factors, environmental factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors and legal factors.
Results: By reviewing and summarizing the market attractiveness indicators that have been proposed in the previous researches, a set of indicators were provided to evaluate the potential of markets for investment.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_254154_de69c6d6e8a67ce07ac394e00fd1413c.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923Investigating the Effect of Cost Management and Differentiation Strategies on Company Risk, with Emphasis on the Role of Intellectual Capital and Risk ManagementInvestigating the Effect of Cost Management and Differentiation Strategies on Company Risk, with Emphasis on the Role of Intellectual Capital and Risk Management15718025415210.22034/ijts.2022.554331.3652FASeyed HesamVaghfiDepartment of Management,Economics and Accounting,Payame Noor University,Tehran,Iran0000-0003-3493-7603Seyed EhsanHosseiniAssistant Professor,Department of Management,Economics and Accounting,FatmehKeshvariDepartment of Management,Economics and Accounting,Payame Noor University,Tehran,IranJournal Article20220522It is no secret to any knowledgeable manager that in today's dynamic and competitive environment, it’s absolutely essential to use the right strategy against the competitors. Following the right competitive strategy in such a market will lead to the consolidation of the organization's position in the industry and will improve the organization's performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cost management and differentiation strategies on the risk of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the criteria of differentiation and cost management strategy are independent variables, the criteria of company risk is dependent variable, and the effectiveness of risk management as well as the intellectual capital are considered as moderator variables. The statistical population of the study included all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 10 years in the 1390s. Systematic elimination was applied to select a statistical sample of 1270 observations. Fitting of the model and testing of the hypotheses was carried out using modeling structural equations in Smart PLS software. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that there is no significant relationship between cost management strategy and risk management, and intellectual capital does not have a significant effect on this relationship. But there is a negative and significant relationship between differentiation strategy and company risk.It is no secret to any knowledgeable manager that in today's dynamic and competitive environment, it’s absolutely essential to use the right strategy against the competitors. Following the right competitive strategy in such a market will lead to the consolidation of the organization's position in the industry and will improve the organization's performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cost management and differentiation strategies on the risk of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, the criteria of differentiation and cost management strategy are independent variables, the criteria of company risk is dependent variable, and the effectiveness of risk management as well as the intellectual capital are considered as moderator variables. The statistical population of the study included all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange in a period of 10 years in the 1390s. Systematic elimination was applied to select a statistical sample of 1270 observations. Fitting of the model and testing of the hypotheses was carried out using modeling structural equations in Smart PLS software. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that there is no significant relationship between cost management strategy and risk management, and intellectual capital does not have a significant effect on this relationship. But there is a negative and significant relationship between differentiation strategy and company risk.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_254152_52db37e4c1f201fd1ed6f1b72fd72bdd.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942610420220923The Role of Contract in Creation of Compulsory Arbitration Under the Iranian Legal RegimeThe Role of Contract in Creation of Compulsory Arbitration Under the Iranian Legal Regime18121524687110.22034/ijts.2021.246871FAAkbarMirzanejad JouybariDepartment of Private Law / Graduate Institute for Management and Planning studies / Tehran / IranOveisRezvanianDepartment of Private Law / Graduate Institute for Management and Planning studies / Tehran / IranJournal Article20210703Although the compulsory arbitration is not a new legal matter in Iran and many other jurisdictions, forcing the parties to insert the arbitration agreement in their contract is both new in Iranian legal regime and unprecedented elsewhere. One of the most salient forms of such compulsion is perhaps the one in Article 20 of the Third Five-year Development Plan of Iran, where the legislator requires that the arbitration agreement shall be inserted in the Shares Ceding contracts and duly signed by the parties. This new requirement of Iranian legislator, raises a number of new questions with regards to the nature and effects of such arbitration.
In the current research paper, after reviewing the history of matter in Iranian legal regime and comparing it with some other jurisdictions, the writers attempted to discover the reasoning(s) of the legislator for such a questionable innovation. To this aim, the main concentration of the writers was on Article 20 of the Third Five-year Development Plan of Iran, as the most salient example of such compulsory arbitration. The main question to answer was whether the jurisdiction of such an arbitration panel is arising out of the legislation (like other compulsory arbitrations) or it could be considered as the parties’ intentions. The writers, for several reasons, concluded that compulsory arbitrate by forcing the parties to include the arbitration agreement in the contract, shall in no way be construed as contractual arbitration, but it is the same as other compulsory arbitrations, i.e. those by legislation.Although the compulsory arbitration is not a new legal matter in Iran and many other jurisdictions, forcing the parties to insert the arbitration agreement in their contract is both new in Iranian legal regime and unprecedented elsewhere. One of the most salient forms of such compulsion is perhaps the one in Article 20 of the Third Five-year Development Plan of Iran, where the legislator requires that the arbitration agreement shall be inserted in the Shares Ceding contracts and duly signed by the parties. This new requirement of Iranian legislator, raises a number of new questions with regards to the nature and effects of such arbitration.
In the current research paper, after reviewing the history of matter in Iranian legal regime and comparing it with some other jurisdictions, the writers attempted to discover the reasoning(s) of the legislator for such a questionable innovation. To this aim, the main concentration of the writers was on Article 20 of the Third Five-year Development Plan of Iran, as the most salient example of such compulsory arbitration. The main question to answer was whether the jurisdiction of such an arbitration panel is arising out of the legislation (like other compulsory arbitrations) or it could be considered as the parties’ intentions. The writers, for several reasons, concluded that compulsory arbitrate by forcing the parties to include the arbitration agreement in the contract, shall in no way be construed as contractual arbitration, but it is the same as other compulsory arbitrations, i.e. those by legislation.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246871_d7d0463d9a1fab87aac5c71a92c74372.pdf