Legal Risks of Electronic Signature And It's Legal Requirements of Repariation

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

university of judicial sciences and administrative services

Abstract

According to the Electronic Commerce Act of Iran of 1382, the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade (the Ministry of Commerce) is responsible for expanding e-commerce in the country. One of the requirements for implementing this policy is the expansion of electronic signatures. In addition to the technical and economic infrastructure, legal aspects are also undeniable because the signatories should be familiar with their rights and duties towards this type of signature. Electronic signatures are divided into two generic digits, common and binary. Binary signatures are a simple form of electronic signatures that have been used in online sales, transactions that are not sensitive and used in electronic procedures. Digital signatures are generally divided into two types of biometrics and digitization in a special sense. Its biometric type has been used extensively in the legal system of Iran and is legally accepted in almost all aspects of the legal system, including electronic filing, registration of intellectual property and transactions, and its digital form in the US legal system is used as the main tool for concluding intelligent contracts in the new exchange trading system. The question we are looking at in this article is whether the Iranian legal system has clear and practical rules for electronic signature types. The hypothesis of this paper is a negative answer to the above question. This article is presented in a comparative manner in three sections: Electronic Signature Review in the United States, Iran, and Electronic Signature Scoring.

Keywords


خادم رضوی،قاسم،شفیعی،فاطمه،الزامات حقوقی ثبت الکترونیکی اسناد رسمی در حقوق ایران و فرانسه،مجله دانش و پژوهش حقوقی،سال سوم شماره دوم،1393، صص75-97
زرکلام،ستار، امضای الکترونیکی و جایگاه آن در نظام ادله اثبات دعوی، مجله مدرس علوم انسانی،دوره هفتم شماره اول، 1382، صص33-56
شمس،عبدالله،آیین دادرسی مدنی دوره پیشرفته ،جلد سوم،انتشاراک دراک،چاپ بیست و چهارم ، 1392
شهبازی نیا،مرتضی، عبدالهی، محبوبه، دلیل الکترونیک در نظام ادله اثبات دعوا، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، دوره 40،شماره4، 1389، صص 193-205
صاحبی، مهدی؛ نقش ثبت سند در معاملات غیر منقول، انتشارات اداک، چاپ اول، 1391
صمدی، سعید، نصراللهی خدیجه، کرمعلیان سیچانی، مرتضی، بررسی رابطه بین توسعه بازارهای مالی و رشد افتصادی، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های اقتصادی،سال ششم،شماره سوم، 1386،صص 1تا16
لینان دبلفون، زویه، حقوق تجارت الکترونیک، ترجمه ستار زرکلام، انتشارات شهر دانش، چاپ دوم،1390
نور شرق ،جمشید ،امضای الکترونیکی ،دانشنامه حقوق و سیاست ،شماره 12 سال 1388
Adam R. Smart,E-Sign Versus State Electronic Signature Laws: The Electronic Statutory Battleground, North Carolina Banking Institute,2001
Anda Lincoln, Electronic Signature Laws and The Need for Uniformity in The Global Market, The Journal Of Small & Emerging Business Law ,2004
Benjamin, Channing Palmer Disparate Impact of Electronic Signature Legislation on Indigent Californians,McGeorge Law Review / Vol. 36,2005
Bohumir Stidron /Electronic Signature in USA, Common Law Review, Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline,2003
Buterin Vitalik, A Beginner’s Guide to Smart Contracts, https://blockgeeks.com/guides/smart-contracts/2017
Christopher D. Clack, Vikram A. Bakshi, Lee Braine, "Smart Contract Templates: Foundations, Design Landscape and Research Directions", Social Science and Research Network,2017
Daniel J. Greenwood & Ray A. Campbell, Electronic Commerce Legislation: From Written on Paper and Signed in Ink to Electronic Records and Online Authentication, 53 Bus. LAW. 307, 309 ,1997.
George P. Costigan, Jr., The    Date and Authorship of the Statute of Frauds, 26 HARV. L. REV. 329, 336 ,1912-1913.
Greenspan G ‘Beware of the Impossible Smart Contract’, Blockchain news, 12 April, http://www.theblockchain.com/2016/04/12/beware-of-the-impossible-smart-contract,2016
Greg Casamento and Patrick Hatfield ,The Essential Elements Of an Effective Electronic Signature Process,Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, Vol6  ,2009
Hong Kong Special Autonomous Region, Electronic Transactions Ordinance, Ord. No. 1 of 2000 unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN010238.pdf,2000
Jamie Lewis, Law Alone Won’t Pave Way for Digital IDs; It Takes Practice, Internet week, July 17, 2000 at 31, available at 2000 WL 8232850,2000
 Jane Kaufman Winn, Couriers Without Luggage: Negotiable Instruments and Digital Signatures, 49 S.C. L. REV. 739, 740-41,1998
J Fairfield, “Smart Contracts, Bitcoin Bots, and Consumer Protection” 71Washington & Lee Law Review Online Edition.2014
J. Zaremba, International electronic transaction contracts between US and EU companies and customers, Connecticut Journal of International Law, 18,2003
Karen E. C. Levy, Book-Smart, Not Street-Smart: Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts and The Social Workings of Law, 2017
Kehrli, Jerome Blockchain 2.0 - From Bitcoin Transactions to Smart Contract Applications,Nov,22,2016
Mattila, Juri - Seppälä, Timo - Holmström, Jan , Product-centric Information Management - A Case Study of a Shared Platform with Blockchain Technology; Conference Paper; Industry Studies Association Conference 2016.,2016
Nazzal M. Kisswani & Anas A. AL-Bakri, Regulating The Use Of Electronic Signatures Given The  Changing Face Of Contracts,SSRN,2010
OASIS PKI Member Section FAQ, OASIS PKI, http://www.oasis-pki.org/faq.html
R.C.Y. Chung , Hong Kong’s ‘smart’ identity card: Data privacy issues and implications for a post-September 11th America, Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal, 4,2003
Reggie O’Shields ,Smart Contracts: Legal Agreements for the Blockchain, North Carolina Banking Institute, vol21,Issue1, 2017
Riikka Koulu, Blockchains and Online Dispute Resolution: Smart Contracts as an Alternative to Enforcement, SCRIPTed, Volume 13, Issue 1, May 2016
Stephanie Curry. Washington's Electronic Signature Act: An Anachronism In The New Millennium 2013
Silverberg Kristen, French Conan, Ferenzy Dennis, Van Den Berg Stephanie, Getting Smart: Contracts On The Blockchain, Institute Of International Finance,2016
Stephen E. Blythe, Bulgaria’s Electronic Document and Electronic Signature Law: Enhancing E-Commerce with Secure Cyber-Transactions, Bulgaria's Electronic Document Law, 2008
Stephen E. Blythe, Hungary’s Electronic Signature Act: Enhancing Economic Development with Secure Electronic Commerce Transactions, School of Management, New York Institute of Technology, USA, 2007
Stern, Note; Cyber SIGN (n.d.) The Legality of Electronic Signatures Using Cyber SIGN is Well Established. Available online at: www.cybersign.com/news news.htm
Tapscot Don, Tapscot Alex, "Blockchain Revolution: How The Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and The World", social science research network,2016
Tom Melling, Digital Signatures vs. Electronic Signatures, E-business Advisor, Apr. 1, 2000, LEXIS, News Library, EBUSAD File,2000
Trevor I. Kiviatt, Beyond Bitcoin: Issues in Regulating Blockchain Transactions, 65 Duke L. J. 569, 589-594,2015
Trautman Lawrence, Virtual Currencies; Bitcoin & What Now After Liberty Reserve, Silk Road, and MT. Gox? Richmond Journal of Law & Technology,VolXX, Issue4, 2014
Vos Jacques, Blockchain Based Land Registry, Illusion or Something in Between, European Land Registry Association,7Th Annual publication,2017
Wang, Minyan, ,”The Impactof Information Technology Development”, Journal of Lawand Technology,vol.15,No.3.,2006
Werbach,Cornell, Contracts Ex Machina, Duke Law Journal,67,downloaded from social science research network,2017
William A. Tanenbaum, Paperless Contracts Are Here: State Electronic Signatures and  Records  Act, Enabling Regulations Have Taken Effect, N.Y. L.J., Apr. 24, 2000