Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219The extent of competition, monopoly and behavioral pattern in Iran’s industries using non-structural ApproachThe extent of competition, monopoly and behavioral pattern in Iran’s industries using non-structural Approach13024520FAFarhad Khodadad KashiProfessor of Economics, PayameNoor University, Tehran, IranSamaneh NoraniazadAssistant Professor of Economics, Payame Noor University,tehran, IranMarzieh Eshaghi GorjiMaster of Economics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160516The main purposes of this article are introducing structural and non-structural methods of measuring monopoly power. Moreover, in this study sought to investigate the extent of monopoly power by using Panzer- Rosse non-structural approach. To meet this ends the data of 131 Iran’s 4-digit industries over the period of 1996-2007 were used. Results indicate that more industries in Iran had higher concentration than average and the extent of entry barriers were very high. Also, in Iran’s industries economies of scale were not exploited. In addition, the results of Panzar- Rosse model showed that Iran’s industries market structure were not competitive.The main purposes of this article are introducing structural and non-structural methods of measuring monopoly power. Moreover, in this study sought to investigate the extent of monopoly power by using Panzer- Rosse non-structural approach. To meet this ends the data of 131 Iran’s 4-digit industries over the period of 1996-2007 were used. Results indicate that more industries in Iran had higher concentration than average and the extent of entry barriers were very high. Also, in Iran’s industries economies of scale were not exploited. In addition, the results of Panzar- Rosse model showed that Iran’s industries market structure were not competitive.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219The Effect of Income Inequality on Demand Function of Imports of Consumption Goods in IranThe Effect of Income Inequality on Demand Function of Imports of Consumption Goods in Iran315624521FAAbolfazl Shahabadi0000-0002-9316-8296Mohammadikazem NaziriJournal Article20150703Income distribution describes how people share of national income and degree of inequality between people in society. Increasing income inequality leads to change in the composition of domestic and imported consumption goods. Because inequality increases will be increase the purchasing power of the rich and to increase the demand for consumption goods with high elasticity that is mainly imported luxury. Therefore this study investigated the effects of income inequality on Iranian imports of consumption goods during the period of 1969-2012. In this regard using by vector auto regressive (VAR) approach was examined relationship between imports of consumption goods and GDP, real exchange rate and income inequality. Estimation results show that imports of consumption goods with interruptions has had the most effect on the import of consumption goods. Also the real exchange rate is expected to have reverse relationship with imports of consumption goods. GDP also has a positive and significant effect on imports of consumption goods and variable of income inequality also has a positive effect on imports of consumption goods. In fact, by reducing income inequality and improving the income distribution will be increase tendency of use of consumption goods of domestic product, and will be reduced the amount of imports of consumption goods.Income distribution describes how people share of national income and degree of inequality between people in society. Increasing income inequality leads to change in the composition of domestic and imported consumption goods. Because inequality increases will be increase the purchasing power of the rich and to increase the demand for consumption goods with high elasticity that is mainly imported luxury. Therefore this study investigated the effects of income inequality on Iranian imports of consumption goods during the period of 1969-2012. In this regard using by vector auto regressive (VAR) approach was examined relationship between imports of consumption goods and GDP, real exchange rate and income inequality. Estimation results show that imports of consumption goods with interruptions has had the most effect on the import of consumption goods. Also the real exchange rate is expected to have reverse relationship with imports of consumption goods. GDP also has a positive and significant effect on imports of consumption goods and variable of income inequality also has a positive effect on imports of consumption goods. In fact, by reducing income inequality and improving the income distribution will be increase tendency of use of consumption goods of domestic product, and will be reduced the amount of imports of consumption goods.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219prerequisites for improving the Iran’s corporate governance system, with an emphasis on World Bank’s protecting minority investors indexprerequisites for improving the Iran’s corporate governance system, with an emphasis on World Bank’s protecting minority investors index579624523FASeyedbehzad PorseyedLaila SohrabiJournal Article20160120Corporate governance, is a response to agancy problem. Agancy problem is result of separation of ownership and control. Different countries in their laws and regulation, use different method to overcome this problem. World bank’s protecting minority investors, evaluates and compares different legal system in this subject. Before 2015، the only components of the disclosure، director liability and ease of judicial action against the directors were measured. In 2015، new components of shareholders' rights، the strength of governance structure and corporate transparency of the company were added to this index.<br /> <br /> The main question of this study is: What legal reforms needed to improve Iran’s corporate governance system using minority investors index. The answers will be given by using library resources and study the rules and regulations governing this area. The results showed that the existing strategies for improving the status of laws and regulations could be categorized in three strategies. The first is reforming the respondent’s interpretation of laws and regulations. The second approach is amending regulations governing listed companies. The last strategy، is amending the laws governing the matter (for example commercial code, civil procedure code and etc) by preparation and adoption of the "corporate governance"، which is more efficient. Therefore، this study suggest parliament to pass a law to improve Iran’s corporate governance system.Corporate governance, is a response to agancy problem. Agancy problem is result of separation of ownership and control. Different countries in their laws and regulation, use different method to overcome this problem. World bank’s protecting minority investors, evaluates and compares different legal system in this subject. Before 2015، the only components of the disclosure، director liability and ease of judicial action against the directors were measured. In 2015، new components of shareholders' rights، the strength of governance structure and corporate transparency of the company were added to this index.<br /> <br /> The main question of this study is: What legal reforms needed to improve Iran’s corporate governance system using minority investors index. The answers will be given by using library resources and study the rules and regulations governing this area. The results showed that the existing strategies for improving the status of laws and regulations could be categorized in three strategies. The first is reforming the respondent’s interpretation of laws and regulations. The second approach is amending regulations governing listed companies. The last strategy، is amending the laws governing the matter (for example commercial code, civil procedure code and etc) by preparation and adoption of the "corporate governance"، which is more efficient. Therefore، this study suggest parliament to pass a law to improve Iran’s corporate governance system.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219Threshold effect of increasing exports on energy intensity in selected OPEC member countriesThreshold effect of increasing exports on energy intensity in selected OPEC member countries9712424524FAKiumars ShahbaziUrmia UniversityJournal Article20160317This paper, investigates the threshold effect of increasing non-oil exports on energy intensity in selected of OPEC member countries for the period of 1995-2012, using panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model as one of the most prominent regime-switching models. For this end, the non-oil exports variable is used as a transition variable. The linearity test results indicate clearly nonlinear relationship among variables under consideration. Moreover, nonexistence of remaining nonlinearity relationship justifies considering one transition function and one threshold parameter, which shows a two regime model. In this study slope parameter is 21/1681 and threshold value is 8/4715. In the first regime exports has a negative impact on energy intensity and by transition of threshold value and entry to second-regime negative impact has been decreased. Therefore increasing exports decreases energy intensity in this countries.This paper, investigates the threshold effect of increasing non-oil exports on energy intensity in selected of OPEC member countries for the period of 1995-2012, using panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model as one of the most prominent regime-switching models. For this end, the non-oil exports variable is used as a transition variable. The linearity test results indicate clearly nonlinear relationship among variables under consideration. Moreover, nonexistence of remaining nonlinearity relationship justifies considering one transition function and one threshold parameter, which shows a two regime model. In this study slope parameter is 21/1681 and threshold value is 8/4715. In the first regime exports has a negative impact on energy intensity and by transition of threshold value and entry to second-regime negative impact has been decreased. Therefore increasing exports decreases energy intensity in this countries.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219Trans-Pacific Partnership and rebalancing of China’s economic influenceTrans-Pacific Partnership and rebalancing of China’s economic influence12514824525FAMohamad Taghi AnsariJournal Article20160217مشارکت فراپاسیفیک یا توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک فراتر از تاثیرات اقتصادیش پیامدهای مهم ژئوپلیتیکی در منطقه آسیا پاسیفیک دارد. این توافق تجارت آزاد مولفه ای مهم از استراتژی بازگشت ایالات متحده به آسیا پاسیفیک است که ذیل عنوان محوری برای آسیا مطرح می شود. بر این اساس در معادلات منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک اهمیت ژئوپلیتیکی توافق تجارت آزاد آسیا بیش از اهمیت اقتصادی آن است. در واقع رشد چشمگیر اقتصادی چین در طول بیش از سه دهه گذشته پیامدهایی برای موضع مسلط ایالات متحده در امور منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک داشته است، بطوریکه توان و نفوذ فزاینده اقتصادی چین به چالشی برای موضع ایالات متحده در تسلط بر امور اقتصاد سیاسی منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک تبدیل شده است. در این راستا این سوال مطرح است که هدف ژئوپلیتیکی ایالات متحده از ایفای نقشی فعال در گسترش توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک چیست؟ در پاسخ به این پرسش فرضیه این مقاله آن است که نفوذ فزاینده تجاری چین در حوزه آسیا پاسیفیک متغییر تعیین کننده ژئوپولیتیکی است که سبب شده است ایالات متحده نقش فعالی در گسترش و نهایی شدن توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک بازی کند. به عبارتی افزایش نفوذ اقتصادی چین، متغییر تعیین کننده ژئوپلیتیکی است که سبب شده است ایالات متحده نقشی فعال در مشارکت و گسترش توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک ایفا کند. هدف این پژوهش تبیین رابطه این متغییرها است، متغییرهایی که ما را یاری می کنند که تقلای ژئوپلیتیکی آمریکا را در شکل توافق تجارت آزاد فرا پاسیفیک در مواجه با افزایش نفوذ اقتصادی چین توضیح دهیم.مشارکت فراپاسیفیک یا توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک فراتر از تاثیرات اقتصادیش پیامدهای مهم ژئوپلیتیکی در منطقه آسیا پاسیفیک دارد. این توافق تجارت آزاد مولفه ای مهم از استراتژی بازگشت ایالات متحده به آسیا پاسیفیک است که ذیل عنوان محوری برای آسیا مطرح می شود. بر این اساس در معادلات منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک اهمیت ژئوپلیتیکی توافق تجارت آزاد آسیا بیش از اهمیت اقتصادی آن است. در واقع رشد چشمگیر اقتصادی چین در طول بیش از سه دهه گذشته پیامدهایی برای موضع مسلط ایالات متحده در امور منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک داشته است، بطوریکه توان و نفوذ فزاینده اقتصادی چین به چالشی برای موضع ایالات متحده در تسلط بر امور اقتصاد سیاسی منطقه ای آسیا پاسیفیک تبدیل شده است. در این راستا این سوال مطرح است که هدف ژئوپلیتیکی ایالات متحده از ایفای نقشی فعال در گسترش توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک چیست؟ در پاسخ به این پرسش فرضیه این مقاله آن است که نفوذ فزاینده تجاری چین در حوزه آسیا پاسیفیک متغییر تعیین کننده ژئوپولیتیکی است که سبب شده است ایالات متحده نقش فعالی در گسترش و نهایی شدن توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک بازی کند. به عبارتی افزایش نفوذ اقتصادی چین، متغییر تعیین کننده ژئوپلیتیکی است که سبب شده است ایالات متحده نقشی فعال در مشارکت و گسترش توافق تجارت آزاد فراپاسیفیک ایفا کند. هدف این پژوهش تبیین رابطه این متغییرها است، متغییرهایی که ما را یاری می کنند که تقلای ژئوپلیتیکی آمریکا را در شکل توافق تجارت آزاد فرا پاسیفیک در مواجه با افزایش نفوذ اقتصادی چین توضیح دهیم.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219ranking the market for the railway commodity transport and proposing the target marketsranking the market for the railway commodity transport and proposing the target markets14918024526FAHashem KalantariHead of study and research operation group of the railway training and research centerEBRAHIMALI RAZINIJournal Article20151031At present time in spite of social benefits of the railway transportation such as high level of safety, low fuel consumption and less air pollution, its share of country domestic land Transport is less than 10 percent . One of the factorsofthis issue is the state-rundominatedapproach and lackof utilizing the proper methodsof marketing and market management attention to the which results in the incomplete usageof the rail network capacities.<br /> The recent study through identifying the proper criteria attempts to determine and rank the target markets from geographic view and commodity groups like mine, steel, oil, construction materials, agriculture and other groups (small commodities) in order to help the decision makers to manage and put target for the railway transportation market. <br /> To rank based on the outputs of the previous studies to estimate the rail freight demand for the year 1398, some 121 options as origin and destination together with four independent criteria were as namely massive freight transport distance, tariff rate and degree of accessibility to the cites connected by the rail network were selected .<br /> Out of these 121 routes, 37 cities are the origins of the freight in which the first 12 ones namely Sirjsn, Bandar-Mahshahr, Ardakan, Bandar-Abbas, Bafgh, Khaf, Mobarakeh, Chadormalu, Tehran, Isfahan, Rey and Ahvaz totally with 72 million tons of freight make more than 80 percent of the rail transport potential market.<br /> So the rest 25 points would share less than 20 percent of the rail transport potential market.At present time in spite of social benefits of the railway transportation such as high level of safety, low fuel consumption and less air pollution, its share of country domestic land Transport is less than 10 percent . One of the factorsofthis issue is the state-rundominatedapproach and lackof utilizing the proper methodsof marketing and market management attention to the which results in the incomplete usageof the rail network capacities.<br /> The recent study through identifying the proper criteria attempts to determine and rank the target markets from geographic view and commodity groups like mine, steel, oil, construction materials, agriculture and other groups (small commodities) in order to help the decision makers to manage and put target for the railway transportation market. <br /> To rank based on the outputs of the previous studies to estimate the rail freight demand for the year 1398, some 121 options as origin and destination together with four independent criteria were as namely massive freight transport distance, tariff rate and degree of accessibility to the cites connected by the rail network were selected .<br /> Out of these 121 routes, 37 cities are the origins of the freight in which the first 12 ones namely Sirjsn, Bandar-Mahshahr, Ardakan, Bandar-Abbas, Bafgh, Khaf, Mobarakeh, Chadormalu, Tehran, Isfahan, Rey and Ahvaz totally with 72 million tons of freight make more than 80 percent of the rail transport potential market.<br /> So the rest 25 points would share less than 20 percent of the rail transport potential market.Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-0794218120170219Evaluation and Selection of Efficient Suppliers in terms of Uncertainty -The Grey Data Envelopment Analysis ApproachEvaluation and Selection of Efficient Suppliers in terms of Uncertainty -The Grey Data Envelopment Analysis Approach18120324527FAMorteza SalehiMohsen SayyahJournal Article20151121Evaluation and selection of efficient suppliers is one of the important issues of supply chain management more than dependent the cost index is associated to a wide range of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Many approaches of multiple criteria decision making has to selection of suppliers that Data Envelopment of Analysis (DEA) is one the useful methods. On the other hand, with considering the uncertainty in the real word, evaluation and suppliers selection problem becomes a complex decision problem. Grey theory is one of the theories that used for uncertainty condition. In this study to access real results in evaluation and selection of efficient suppliers, a developed grey data envelopment analysis model is presented that achieve with considering decision makers (DM) preferences about the inputs and outputs.Evaluation and selection of efficient suppliers is one of the important issues of supply chain management more than dependent the cost index is associated to a wide range of quantitative and qualitative indicators. Many approaches of multiple criteria decision making has to selection of suppliers that Data Envelopment of Analysis (DEA) is one the useful methods. On the other hand, with considering the uncertainty in the real word, evaluation and suppliers selection problem becomes a complex decision problem. Grey theory is one of the theories that used for uncertainty condition. In this study to access real results in evaluation and selection of efficient suppliers, a developed grey data envelopment analysis model is presented that achieve with considering decision makers (DM) preferences about the inputs and outputs.