Institute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Asymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate on the Money Demand Function in IranAsymmetric Effects of Exchange Rate on the Money Demand Function in Iran12424691710.22034/ijts.2021.246917FAHamid Lal-e-khezriPhD in Economics,Lecturer at Azad University of QaenAhmad Jafari SamimiProfessor of Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of MazandaranJournal Article20191101Considering the exchange rate changes due to different foreign exchange policies in recent years, the study of the effect of currency shocks on the demand for money in Iran can lead to useful results. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the symmetry or asymmetry of the effect of positive and negative exchange rate shocks on money demand function by using Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model on the latest seasonal data up to year 1396. At first, the existence of long-term equilibrium relationship was examined using Pesaran Bound test and was confirmed. The results of the model show that Growth Domestic Production (GDP) and Ratio of government budget deficit to GDP have positive effect on money demand and inflation has negative effect on it. The results also indicate that GDP and the state budget deficit variables positive impact on the money demand and inflation has a negative impact. According to the results of the Wald test, the level of positive and negative shocks of exchange rate on money demand is asymmetric in the short run but symmetric in the long run. Also by comparing the positive and negative effects of exchange rate shocks on money demand, it can be concluded that the positive effect of exchange rate shocks on money demand is more than the negative effect of shocks on exchange rate.Considering the exchange rate changes due to different foreign exchange policies in recent years, the study of the effect of currency shocks on the demand for money in Iran can lead to useful results. Therefore, in this study, we investigate the symmetry or asymmetry of the effect of positive and negative exchange rate shocks on money demand function by using Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag model on the latest seasonal data up to year 1396. At first, the existence of long-term equilibrium relationship was examined using Pesaran Bound test and was confirmed. The results of the model show that Growth Domestic Production (GDP) and Ratio of government budget deficit to GDP have positive effect on money demand and inflation has negative effect on it. The results also indicate that GDP and the state budget deficit variables positive impact on the money demand and inflation has a negative impact. According to the results of the Wald test, the level of positive and negative shocks of exchange rate on money demand is asymmetric in the short run but symmetric in the long run. Also by comparing the positive and negative effects of exchange rate shocks on money demand, it can be concluded that the positive effect of exchange rate shocks on money demand is more than the negative effect of shocks on exchange rate.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246917_30d94d16c3967e0969c93dc86cc4d5ce.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Modifying Bargaining Power by Contract ImitationModifying Bargaining Power by Contract Imitation255124690610.22034/ijts.2021.246906FAJALAL SOLTANAHMADIRazieh Taghizadegan-Ebrahim TaghizadehFaculty of Payame Noor UniversityJournal Article20190610Lack of balance in transaction power between contract parties leads to a relatively deep gap between them causing one party of the contract to be named as poor party and the other party as strong party. Inequality in dependency levels, knowledge and urgent conditions of poor party are among the factors that pave the way for lack of balance in power between poor and strong parties. Legal justice necessitates proper strategies to be presented to face with this kind of inequality. In Iran's Law, only some have reached from title of misuse of urgency to solution of duress transactions, annulment. Moreover, a number of theories have been proposed in developed countries like United States and England, and some of them have been proposed by Iranian lawyers, which, present strategies for annulment of imposed or unreasonable terms. However, this study aims to apply a strategy which, in addition to supporting the poor party, takes a step to maintain the principle of transaction necessity, so that trade boom and motivation for gaining knowledge and specialty will not be <br />disappeared. Exploiting Transaction Imitation Theory will be efficient with regard to this aim.
Lack of balance in transaction power between contract parties leads to a relatively deep gap between them causing one party of the contract to be named as poor party and the other party as strong party. Inequality in dependency levels, knowledge and urgent conditions of poor party are among the factors that pave the way for lack of balance in power between poor and strong parties. Legal justice necessitates proper strategies to be presented to face with this kind of inequality. In Iran's Law, only some have reached from title of misuse of urgency to solution of duress transactions, annulment. Moreover, a number of theories have been proposed in developed countries like United States and England, and some of them have been proposed by Iranian lawyers, which, present strategies for annulment of imposed or unreasonable terms. However, this study aims to apply a strategy which, in addition to supporting the poor party, takes a step to maintain the principle of transaction necessity, so that trade boom and motivation for gaining knowledge and specialty will not be <br />disappeared. Exploiting Transaction Imitation Theory will be efficient with regard to this aim.
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246906_567eb4133697bce84fa5701a9b88a7e3.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923The Effect of Information and Communication Technology on
Trade Liberalization in the Selected Developing and Developed CountriesThe Effect of Information and Communication Technology on
Trade Liberalization in the Selected Developing and Developed Countries537724690410.22034/ijts.2021.246904FAAbolfazl ShahabadiProfessor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science and Economics, Alzahra University0000-0002-9316-8296Behnaz KhoshtinatManagement Group, Management Faculty, Azad University, Buieen Zahra, IranMaryam EbrahimiMA in Business Management, Department of Management, Buinzahra Branch, Islamic Azad University, IranAli MoradiMA of Economics, IranJournal Article20190515Trade liberalization in developing countries can help with optimal allocation of resources, increasing returns to scale, transfer of knowledge and technology, and can facilitate the imports of intermediate and capital goods, which will lead to increased economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect trade openness in developing countries. In this regard, the present study tries to determine the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development indicators on trade liberalization in two groups of selected countries of Asian developing member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and EuropeanDeveloped members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development during the period 2009-2017. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using panel data and the generalized method of moments. The results showed that the impact of access, use and skills of using ICT on the trade liberalization in both groups of selected countries is positive and meaningful. Also, accordings to the results, in both groups the effect of controlling variables including political globalization and innovation on the trade liberalization is positive and meaningful and the effect of real exchange rate on is negative and meaningful.Trade liberalization in developing countries can help with optimal allocation of resources, increasing returns to scale, transfer of knowledge and technology, and can facilitate the imports of intermediate and capital goods, which will lead to increased economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect trade openness in developing countries. In this regard, the present study tries to determine the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) development indicators on trade liberalization in two groups of selected countries of Asian developing member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and EuropeanDeveloped members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development during the period 2009-2017. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using panel data and the generalized method of moments. The results showed that the impact of access, use and skills of using ICT on the trade liberalization in both groups of selected countries is positive and meaningful. Also, accordings to the results, in both groups the effect of controlling variables including political globalization and innovation on the trade liberalization is positive and meaningful and the effect of real exchange rate on is negative and meaningful.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246904_55876f04f31be9cba28213f3c85f698d.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Customer Concentration and Trade Credit: the Moderating Role of Operational Risk and Financial LeverageCustomer Concentration and Trade Credit: the Moderating Role of Operational Risk and Financial Leverage7910424690510.22034/ijts.2021.246905FARoohollah ArabAssistant Professor, Accounting Dept, Facility Member of Golestan Institute of Higher Education, Gorgan, Iran.0000-0002-0704-3295Mansoreh AkhondradkaniMA in AccountingMohammad GholamrezapoorMA in Accounting0000-0002-4448-5519Journal Article20190607Today, customer satisfaction plays an essential role in achieving organizational goals. Major customers are among the most important assets of organizations. The amount of credit paid to customers can be a factor in affecting customer satisfaction. The present study aims at investigating the association between customer concentration and trade credit with particular focus on the moderating role of operational risk and financial leverage, in the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were built on the financial information of 88 listed firms during the years 2013-2017, and then were tested using Eviews and multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results reveal that customer concentration improves trade credit offered to customers. Moreover, the findings indicate that customer concentration exerts greater influence on the trade credit paid to customers in the firms with higher operational risk, and exerts greater influence on the trade credit paid to customers in the firms with higher financial leverage.Today, customer satisfaction plays an essential role in achieving organizational goals. Major customers are among the most important assets of organizations. The amount of credit paid to customers can be a factor in affecting customer satisfaction. The present study aims at investigating the association between customer concentration and trade credit with particular focus on the moderating role of operational risk and financial leverage, in the firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research hypotheses were built on the financial information of 88 listed firms during the years 2013-2017, and then were tested using Eviews and multivariate regression model based on panel data. The results reveal that customer concentration improves trade credit offered to customers. Moreover, the findings indicate that customer concentration exerts greater influence on the trade credit paid to customers in the firms with higher operational risk, and exerts greater influence on the trade credit paid to customers in the firms with higher financial leverage.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246905_4088aad5fddf980aa88dc12f22b414ff.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Identifying and Ranking the Barriers to Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Using a Hybrid Fuzzy ANP-DEMATEL
Approach: A Case of shipyard in BushehrIdentifying and Ranking the Barriers to Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Using a Hybrid Fuzzy ANP-DEMATEL
Approach: A Case of shipyard in Bushehr10513024690710.22034/ijts.2021.246907FASayyed Mohammad Reza Davoodidepartment of management0000-0003-2347-7154Somayeh SazegariPh.D. student in Industrial Management (Subdiscipline of Financial),Dehaghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, dehaghan, Iran.Journal Article20190614Sustainability is a relatively new and very influential subject that has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of supply chain management. In addition to the academic field, societies, governments, businesses, international agencies and nonprofit organizations are increasingly focusing on this issue.The present study seeks to investigate the barriers to implementation of sustainable supply chain management practices in Bushehr Shipbuilding Plant using fuzzy and nonlinear ANP methods. Using a questionnaire method, among 50 experts in the supply chain of Bushehr Shipbuilding Company, 30 individuals were identified as the sample of which 20 completed the questionnaire. then a fuzzy DEMATEL method was used to build a framework for evaluating the impact of indicators. In the next step, using the fuzzy ANP technique, the barriers were studied. The compatibility rate of the performed comparisons is 0.019, which is less than 0.1, and therefore it is possible to trust the comparisons. According to the results, the knowledge and support dimension have the highest impact, in the ranking stage, three highest pririties are respectively, sustanability cost and economics condition (weight 0.124), lack of technical expertise (weight 0.099), and lack of training (weight 0.081). Regarding the results, it can be recommended that in implementing sustainable supply chain management it is crucial to learn from the supply chain (i.e knowledge dimension) through collaboration.Sustainability is a relatively new and very influential subject that has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of supply chain management. In addition to the academic field, societies, governments, businesses, international agencies and nonprofit organizations are increasingly focusing on this issue.The present study seeks to investigate the barriers to implementation of sustainable supply chain management practices in Bushehr Shipbuilding Plant using fuzzy and nonlinear ANP methods. Using a questionnaire method, among 50 experts in the supply chain of Bushehr Shipbuilding Company, 30 individuals were identified as the sample of which 20 completed the questionnaire. then a fuzzy DEMATEL method was used to build a framework for evaluating the impact of indicators. In the next step, using the fuzzy ANP technique, the barriers were studied. The compatibility rate of the performed comparisons is 0.019, which is less than 0.1, and therefore it is possible to trust the comparisons. According to the results, the knowledge and support dimension have the highest impact, in the ranking stage, three highest pririties are respectively, sustanability cost and economics condition (weight 0.124), lack of technical expertise (weight 0.099), and lack of training (weight 0.081). Regarding the results, it can be recommended that in implementing sustainable supply chain management it is crucial to learn from the supply chain (i.e knowledge dimension) through collaboration.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246907_df56fee22ae3fa3e4a769a04779f86bd.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Criterion of Determining Seat in Online ArbitrationCriterion of Determining Seat in Online Arbitration13115824691210.22034/ijts.2021.246912FAReza MaboudiAssistant Professor of Law/Ferdowsi University of MashhadSeyed Alireza RezaeePhd Student of Private Law, Faculty of law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20190819One of the most common methods in dispute resolutions is arbitration and online arbitration is an emerging method in this area. The specific features of this arbitration method have led to many legal debates. Due to the lack of physical location in online arbitration, the way of determining the seat of this type of arbitration should be analyzed. The seat of arbitration is fundamental in defining the legal framework for arbitral proceedings. The basic question of the present research is how and by what criterion the seat of arbitration in such type of arbitration can be determine? The article concludes that if the disputing parties determine seat of arbitration, the parties’ agreement is valid, according to absolute delocalization theory, in spite of the lack of physical location in online arbitration. If the seat is not clearly identified by the parties’ agreement, arbitrator must choose seat of arbitration. Various criteria have been studied in this regard, but it seems that suitability of national legal framework of seat, procedural governing law and party’s choice of judicial forum, are useful for detection of implicit parties’ intention. In spite of suggestion of the abovementioned criteria, the analyses and findings of this article show that explicit regulation by the legislator on this issue is essentialOne of the most common methods in dispute resolutions is arbitration and online arbitration is an emerging method in this area. The specific features of this arbitration method have led to many legal debates. Due to the lack of physical location in online arbitration, the way of determining the seat of this type of arbitration should be analyzed. The seat of arbitration is fundamental in defining the legal framework for arbitral proceedings. The basic question of the present research is how and by what criterion the seat of arbitration in such type of arbitration can be determine? The article concludes that if the disputing parties determine seat of arbitration, the parties’ agreement is valid, according to absolute delocalization theory, in spite of the lack of physical location in online arbitration. If the seat is not clearly identified by the parties’ agreement, arbitrator must choose seat of arbitration. Various criteria have been studied in this regard, but it seems that suitability of national legal framework of seat, procedural governing law and party’s choice of judicial forum, are useful for detection of implicit parties’ intention. In spite of suggestion of the abovementioned criteria, the analyses and findings of this article show that explicit regulation by the legislator on this issue is essentialhttps://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246912_815dd7780791a2750d0273e9411a0189.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Vehicle Capacity Planning in a Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problem With Heterogeneous FleetVehicle Capacity Planning in a Multi-Objective Vehicle Routing Problem With Heterogeneous Fleet15919824692210.22034/ijts.2021.246922FAMalihe MasoumiPhD student, Department of Industrial Engineering, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, IranJavad BehnamianAssociate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran0000-0002-4122-4574Journal Article20200406Carrying goods from points of supply to different customers is an important task in the supply chain. In this regard, the problem of vehicle routing is of particular importance. In this paper, the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) is presented using the concept of heterogeneities. The concept of heterogeneities is concerned with the ownership of fleet. Ownership heterogeneities occur when the private fleet is not sufficient and the company has to rent some vehicles from freight companies. Moreover, unlike prior attempts to minimize cost by minimizing overall traveling distance, the proposed model incorporates energy minimizing. In this paper, two different scenarios have been analyzed and for each of them a mathematical multi-objective model is proposed. The first scenario investigates VRPTW regardless of the concept of heterogeneity and in the second scenario, there are some rental vehicles provided by freight companies. In senario II, the number of these vehicles, the time of contract and generally their capacity must be specified. Therefore, the strategy of changing the capacity of the rental fleet is determined based on the proposed model. The proposed solution method of this paper is based on a hybrid artificial immune system, artificial fish swarm, and NSGAII. Metaheuristics finally, small and large-scale test problems are randomly generated, solved and compared by those algorithms. The computational results show that using rental fleet significantly saves costs and energy. Also, the proposed model can be used as a decision support system for carriers to investigate capacity strategies.Carrying goods from points of supply to different customers is an important task in the supply chain. In this regard, the problem of vehicle routing is of particular importance. In this paper, the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) is presented using the concept of heterogeneities. The concept of heterogeneities is concerned with the ownership of fleet. Ownership heterogeneities occur when the private fleet is not sufficient and the company has to rent some vehicles from freight companies. Moreover, unlike prior attempts to minimize cost by minimizing overall traveling distance, the proposed model incorporates energy minimizing. In this paper, two different scenarios have been analyzed and for each of them a mathematical multi-objective model is proposed. The first scenario investigates VRPTW regardless of the concept of heterogeneity and in the second scenario, there are some rental vehicles provided by freight companies. In senario II, the number of these vehicles, the time of contract and generally their capacity must be specified. Therefore, the strategy of changing the capacity of the rental fleet is determined based on the proposed model. The proposed solution method of this paper is based on a hybrid artificial immune system, artificial fish swarm, and NSGAII. Metaheuristics finally, small and large-scale test problems are randomly generated, solved and compared by those algorithms. The computational results show that using rental fleet significantly saves costs and energy. Also, the proposed model can be used as a decision support system for carriers to investigate capacity strategies.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246922_d1345c36daddade6d76a2b32e23b9744.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Fractal Identification and Classification of Crowd Sourcing
Components in Commercial Organizations Using Assessment Matrix Methods (AMM)Fractal Identification and Classification of Crowd Sourcing
Components in Commercial Organizations Using Assessment Matrix Methods (AMM)19922824691110.22034/ijts.2021.246911FAHossein MomtazProduction - Industrial Management - South TehranGholamreza HashemzadehFaculty Member of Tehran South Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranAsghar MoshabakiProfessor of Faculty of Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranKiamars Fathi HafshejaniFaculty Member of Tehran South Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190803In recent years, problem-solving through crowdsourcing is one of the approaches that has been considered by many business organizations. The results of the studies show that crowdsourcing is one of the ways to succeed in economics in the present era. it is considered in the development of new products, as an operational innovation to improve the quality of the products and to expand the development process; However, increasing complexity at the organizational level has added to the problem of decision-making and less attention has been paid to crowdsourcing.The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize (classify) the components of crowdsourcing in business organizations with Considering fractal rules in times of complexity.
The present study is field, quantitative, cross-sectional and exploratory research.The statistical population of this study is managers and employees of active businesses in the field of crowdsourcing in Iran, which were selected 5 people as a sample with the help of judging sampling.Data Gathering Tools close Questionnaire of spectral type; It has a range of ranking responses, which in order to prioritize the components against the indicators of the evaluation matrix methods (including the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix and the Iranian matrix) were used with the help of Excel software.
The results of this study show that among the types of aggregation components according to the rules of fractals, in order to control and consider complexity in commercial organizations, should be paid special attention to the components of \"collective use, voluntary population participation, use of information technology\" as the most important components of business organization.In recent years, problem-solving through crowdsourcing is one of the approaches that has been considered by many business organizations. The results of the studies show that crowdsourcing is one of the ways to succeed in economics in the present era. it is considered in the development of new products, as an operational innovation to improve the quality of the products and to expand the development process; However, increasing complexity at the organizational level has added to the problem of decision-making and less attention has been paid to crowdsourcing.The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize (classify) the components of crowdsourcing in business organizations with Considering fractal rules in times of complexity.
The present study is field, quantitative, cross-sectional and exploratory research.The statistical population of this study is managers and employees of active businesses in the field of crowdsourcing in Iran, which were selected 5 people as a sample with the help of judging sampling.Data Gathering Tools close Questionnaire of spectral type; It has a range of ranking responses, which in order to prioritize the components against the indicators of the evaluation matrix methods (including the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix and the Iranian matrix) were used with the help of Excel software.
The results of this study show that among the types of aggregation components according to the rules of fractals, in order to control and consider complexity in commercial organizations, should be paid special attention to the components of \"collective use, voluntary population participation, use of information technology\" as the most important components of business organization.https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246911_ccd6f02fb5f69cb74f920a0c085c7526.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Uufair Terms in Contracts Between BusinessesUufair Terms in Contracts Between Businesses22925624692110.22034/ijts.2021.246921FAAbbas Karimifaculty of law,university of tehranMostafa KooshkiPh.D. Student, Faculty of Law &amp; Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20200128The economic, social, psychological or intellectual superiority of some business enterprises has led them to impose their own favorite terms and conditions on the other enterprises. Therefore, this article intends to answer these main questions. From the point of view of law and judicial precedent, what are qualifications needs for the terms between businesses to be considered unfair and what is the basis that justified control of unfair terms? The results of the research reveals that despite the advent of new theories such as the theory of transaction costs as a basis for dealing with unfair terms, it can still be argued that in the Iranian legal system, the basis for dealing with such terms is “No Loss Principle”. In addition, Couse of important principles such as freedom of competition and contractual security, there is less rigidity and more flexible enforcing guarantee in contracts between the businesses to such terms, which can be criticized. Thus, the and the legislator not only must provide more precise components to recognition of such terms, but also establish more strict enforcement guarantees such as annulation of those termsThe economic, social, psychological or intellectual superiority of some business enterprises has led them to impose their own favorite terms and conditions on the other enterprises. Therefore, this article intends to answer these main questions. From the point of view of law and judicial precedent, what are qualifications needs for the terms between businesses to be considered unfair and what is the basis that justified control of unfair terms? The results of the research reveals that despite the advent of new theories such as the theory of transaction costs as a basis for dealing with unfair terms, it can still be argued that in the Iranian legal system, the basis for dealing with such terms is “No Loss Principle”. In addition, Couse of important principles such as freedom of competition and contractual security, there is less rigidity and more flexible enforcing guarantee in contracts between the businesses to such terms, which can be criticized. Thus, the and the legislator not only must provide more precise components to recognition of such terms, but also establish more strict enforcement guarantees such as annulation of those termshttps://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246921_92210dacca67c2901f1251c6ff6b7251.pdfInstitute for Trade Studies and ResearchIranian Journal of Trade Studies1735-07942510020210923Reviews New Trade Bill about Single-Member CompaniesReviews New Trade Bill about Single-Member Companies25728024690310.22034/ijts.2021.246903FAMilad Soltanikharazmi universityJavad ShamsiUniversity of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services.Hossain Hamdiphd studentJournal Article20190421The new trade bill has accepted the possibility of forming a single-member company. in Article 479 Although acceptance of this type of lies company, which is coordinated with commercial and economic needs, is approved and supported, but, the writers of the bill have not acted correctly and comprehensively on this issue, which can cause ambiguities in how to run these companies. As efforts are being made to recognize single-member companie in Iranian law, it is essential to compromise between the interests of single-member companies and the rights of creditors for the new law to succeed. Currently there are many shortcomings in this regards, as there is no legal system or a specific framework to cover the whole life cycle of such companies from the establishment to the dissolution. Thus, the importance of the present study, unlike the other reseachers, is that it examines the subject of single-member companies in the new trade bill and discusses the related shortcomings.in doing so, studying the experiences of other countries and the basics of commercial law can better reveal the flaws in the bill. Therefore, the present study suggests that regulations related to capital maintenance and transactions regulation should be provided. In addition to the personal competence of the partner, the single member company must have limitations in their scope of activities and they must not be allowed in banking and insurance sectors.
The new trade bill has accepted the possibility of forming a single-member company. in Article 479 Although acceptance of this type of lies company, which is coordinated with commercial and economic needs, is approved and supported, but, the writers of the bill have not acted correctly and comprehensively on this issue, which can cause ambiguities in how to run these companies. As efforts are being made to recognize single-member companie in Iranian law, it is essential to compromise between the interests of single-member companies and the rights of creditors for the new law to succeed. Currently there are many shortcomings in this regards, as there is no legal system or a specific framework to cover the whole life cycle of such companies from the establishment to the dissolution. Thus, the importance of the present study, unlike the other reseachers, is that it examines the subject of single-member companies in the new trade bill and discusses the related shortcomings.in doing so, studying the experiences of other countries and the basics of commercial law can better reveal the flaws in the bill. Therefore, the present study suggests that regulations related to capital maintenance and transactions regulation should be provided. In addition to the personal competence of the partner, the single member company must have limitations in their scope of activities and they must not be allowed in banking and insurance sectors.
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246903_b35fb2263d2f826801eb76809445b399.pdf