Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Estimating the Substitution Elasticities of Import of
Manufacturing Industries Using Micro Data
1
30
FA
Mehdi
Yazdani
0000-0002-8045-7232
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Shahid Beheshti University
ma_yazdani@sbu.ac.ir
Mina
Sadeghi
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. Iran
sadeghi.economic@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246735
The process of integration and convergence of countries over the past two decades has moved in the direction that countries must be forced to join this process, and this requires recognizing the strengths and weaknesses during the transition to trade integration. Accordingly, it is necessary to properly explain the phenomenon of trade integration and the factors affecting it in order to achieve the highest levels of integration. These factors include elasticity of substitotion, economic complexity, border effects, and other factors. Therefore, estimating the imported products elasticity of substitotion is a key parameter for analyzing trade policies, especially those related to trade integration. In this study, the Armington substitution elasticities were estimated for 103 industries in the period 1992-2017. According to the results; the industries with the highest positive elasticities of substitution, are the “manufacture of malt liquors and malt” and the “manufacture of basic chemicals, except fertilizers and nitrogen compounds” and industries with the lowest positive substitution elasticity are, respectively “tanning and dressing of leather” and “building and repairing of pleasure and sporting boats except ships”. Accordingly, in industries with positive substitution elasticity, it is possible to replace foreign goods with domestically produced goods.
Armington Elasticity of Substitution / Manufacturing Industries / Disaggregated Data / Panel Data Models
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246735.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246735_6c5a3ed963b5fc3b55db341fe0afdaa9.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Simulation of the Profitability Model in Retail Industry Using System Dynamics Approach
31
64
FA
Hooman
Pashootanizadeh
Ph.D. Student in Systems Management, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
pashotany@yahoo.com
Parvaneh
Fadaei Mehr
MSc. in Public Administration, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Faculty of Management and Accounting, College of Farabi, University of Tehran
pars.hamon@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.40495
Identifying the right strategy can help the retail industry activists to gain competitive advantage and to improve them. Therefore, in order to solve the issues related to selection of appropriate sales strategies and predict the consequences of their implementation in this area, this study uses system dynamics approach to present a comprehensive model. In this regard, wit using the proposed model, the degree of profitability in the retail industry has been investigated in accordance with sales strategic plans of activists in this industry. The simulation was done using Vensim DSS software and the findings of this study confirm that the retail industry in accordance with developed strategies will be able to access 62% of profitability level by the end of the 2022. For this purpose, 5 scenarios have been presented to promote the degree of profitability of this industry. The results of simulation confirm that these scenarios can improved the degree of profitability in this industry to approximately 67.5% to 80.5%.
System Dynamics / Retail Industry / Strategy
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_40495.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_40495_5d02555c366a2d2e8f3af99e99adcb91.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Characteristic of a Reliable Information System in E-Commerce and Comparing it with the Sanim of the Tax System
65
88
FA
mohammadreza
ABBasi
PhD student
mra1390@yahoo.com
Gholam Nabi
Feizi Tabab
Assistant Professor
legalfayz@gmail.com
Mehdi
Khalili
Assistant Professor
dr.khalili@ymail.com
Hosein
Alekajbaf
Assistant Professor
alekajbaf@yahoo.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246736
An efficient, information system must have three characteristics:<br /><br />A) technical aspect: From the technical standpoint, the information system must be safe and secure against intrusion and misuse, and it must have a sensible accessibility, and configuration and organization appropriate to the task it is supposed to conduct. For the system to be impervious, first of all, merely authorized individuals and solely based on their responsibilities should be allowed to log in to the system. Secondly, the system ought to be equipped with technical controls such as identification of unauthorized access and data encryption. However, these elements should not interfere with system’s accessibility and occupation.<br />B) Legal aspect: The system has to comply with the legislations of the country in which it is being employed.<br />C) Financial aspect: The system’s performance must be such that it imposes the least amount of expenses.<br /><br />The SANIM system of Tax Affairs Organization is a matter of debate in various technical and legal aspects, and does not conform to our country’s financial, commercial and civil regulations. Numerous and lengthy steps in report adjustment alongside high consumption of paper and bar code pose irrevocable expenses on Tax Organizatio
Information System / Tax Sanim System / E,Commerce / Secure System
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246736.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246736_0d0daf818a0290b438576ffb3a471003.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Iran’s Industrial Growth and Its Impact on Export Sophistication
89
116
FA
shahin
asadi
دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، واحد دهاقان دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، دهاقان، ایران
sh_asadi14@yahoo.com
farzad
karimi
Associate Professor azad university mobarake: iran
f_karimi110@yahoo.com
mostafa
rajabi
assistant professor
mostafa.rajabi@yahoo.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246737
<br />The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between export sophistication and Iran’s industrial growth. To this end, export sophistication and other growth control variables such as real exchange rate, capital formation index and Number of employees with university education were also separated with data up to 2-digit level of ISIC Rev3 over the period 2016–2004. The results of panel estimation model using Generalized Least Squares (EGLS) and Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) show positive and significant effect of export sophistication variable on Iran’s industrial growth. It is suggested that incentives and supportive policies be formulated and implemented to achieve high industrial growth, leading to a gradual change in the structure of industrial production so that activities with more sophisticated products replace the activities of low export sophistication.<br />
Iran’s Industrial Growth / Export Sophistication / 2,Digit Level of ISIC
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246737.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246737_4d3e8ebc18c8c9597525ff572a9e86bb.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Civil Libility of Trademark for Indirect Infringer: Strict Liability or Blame-Based Responsibility
117
146
FA
Farid
Ahmadian Moghadam
Attorney at law
farid.ahmadianmoghadam@gmail.com
MirGhasem
Jafarzadeh
Associate Professor
mirghasem.jafarzadeh@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246738
Trademark infringement is unauthorized utilization of a trademark without collection of permission from trademark holder. Unauthorized utilization of the trademark leads to civil liability for the infringer. What is not clear is the effect of awareness on the unauthorized utilization of the trademark. This dilemma has more confusion on indirect trademark infringement. Civil law on some countries takes liability of the infringer on the awareness. In this study using direct evaluation of internal laws of Iran and United State of America the role of infringer in civil liability after indirect trademark infringement was assessed. Results showed that according to current civil liability laws existance of damage and relationship between damage and infringement is essential for civil liability. In both systems awareness of infringer lead to criminal liability. However for indirect infringer the internal law of Iran is silent in regard to this matter. For this purpose it should be referred to civil law to assess awareness of infringer. Hence, the legislator need to clarify type of civil liability according to basic civil law to not be in contrary with other countries from intellectual property point of view. This new role may inhibit direct interpretation in Iranian courts.
Indirect Infringement / Trademark / Civil Liability / Iran /,United State of America
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246738.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246738_d3ee2de7ec220cfe6fbdac0ea299e1b7.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
The Impact of Cross Border Insolvency on International
Commercial Arbitration with Emphasis on Iranian Law
147
178
FA
MOHAMMAD SAJJAD
TAVASOLI
tehran university
mstavasoly@gmail.com
AMIR
SADEGHINESHAT
PROFFESOR
asneshat@ut.ac.ir
10.22034/ijts.2021.246739
The use of arbitration mechanism to resolve disputes in international trade has become routine as a result of its numerous benefits. The bankruptcy of businessmen and business companies is unavoidable and in assumption of an arbitration agreement, newfound legal issues arise because arbitration is in essence voluntary, while bankruptcy has an imperative and territorial nature and there are no clear rules neither in international documents and conventions, nor domestic laws of most countries. The status of validity of the arbitration agreement, the status of insolvent’s capacity for continuing arbitration, the legal status of third parties, the principle of prohibition of individual actions by creditors, recognition and enforcement of international arbitration awards in assumption of each arbitration parties insolvency, are some of issues to be studied.
Cross Border Insolvency / International Commercial Arbitration / Recognition and Enforcement of International Commercial Arbitration Awards / Capacity of Insolvent / Validity of Aarbitration
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246739.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246739_4a9034ab4dc2f073f32282e876cbd791.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Analysis of Legal Nature, Descriptions and Hazards of
Endorsement Contracts with Celebrities
179
202
FA
faizolah
jafari
استادیار گروه حقوق دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان
jafarilaw@yahoo.com
Mehrnaz
Mokhtari
Bu-ali sina univercity
mehrnaz.mokhtari20@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246740
Exploitation of celebrities’ image in commercial advertisement is one of the most influential tools in identifying products to consumer. Most of the endorsement companies use this kind of advertising for identifying products. Celebrities have a great tendency to conclude endorsement contract with companies, since obtaining revenue from this contracts is higher than other contracts. Nature of this contracts in comparison to other similar contracts are described in the form of article10 of civil code. Although exploitation of celebrities’ image has a great impact on consumers’ attention to buy products, companies are at risk that celebrities’ engaging in unethical activities can damage their fame, and have a negative impact on consumers’ view. As a result, endorsement companies use clauses like moral clauses, claw-back clauses or liquidated damage to protect their capital and fame. Also, celebrities are facing the danger that companies will change consumers’ view by engaging in unethical activities. As a result, celebrities are trying to specify reverse moral clause in their contracts.<br />
Endorsement Contract / Celebrities / Advertisement / Image Rights / Popularity
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246740.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246740_0fceb3e5f6f740dfc091f35be3782596.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
The Interaction of Abundance of Natural Resources Through the Governance Index and Brain Drain on Economic Complexity in the Selected Oil Countries
203
232
FA
Abolfazl
Shahabadi
0000-0002-9316-8296
Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science and Economics, Alzahra University
ab.shahabadi@gmail.com
Zahra
Sadeghi Motamedd
M.A Student of economics, Buali-Sina Univercity, Hamedan, Iran
zahra.sadeghimotamedd@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246741
In the contemporary economics, knowledge is regarded as the main factor of production. There are many indicators like the economic complexity index for measuring the knowledge used in the products of a country. Due to the effect of economic complexity on the growth, development, competitiveness, and bargaining power on the one hand and the considerable gap of the economic complexity index among different selected oil- producing countries and developed countries on the other hand, the need for a scientific review of the factors determining the economic complexity to convert non-renewable resources into renewable resources among the selected oil-producing countries is necessary. The present study used the generalized moment of method (GMM) to investigate the interaction between the abundance of natural resources and governance index and the migration of elites on the economic complexity index of selected oil - producing countries during 2007-2016. The research findings indicated that the frequency of natural resources from the channel of governance has a significant positive effect while the migration of elites leaves a significant negative relationship with the economic complexity index among the selected oil-producing countries. Moreover, the research findings revealed that the political risk index has a significant negative effect on the economic complexity index and the interaction of innovation and intellectual property rights on the economic complexity index among the selected oil-producing countries was significant and positive.
Economic Complexity / Brain Drain / Natural Resource Management
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246741.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246741_3cb392347e654e019ea613071ec64062.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Designing and Explaining a Model for Agility in Official statistics Supply Chain Based on the Public Value Approach
233
268
FA
zahra
Sadehvand
PhD. student, Faculty of Management and Accounting, college of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
z.sadeh@yahoo.com
gholamreza
jandaghi
Professor, Faculty of Management and Accounting, college of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
jandaghi@ut.ac.ir
Mohammad Reza
Fathi
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management and Accounting, college of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
reza.fathi@ut.ac.ir
ADEL
AZAR
Professor, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
z.sadehvand66@gmail.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246742
The increasing importance and role of statistics and information as a prerequisite of all decision-making, policy-making and planning activities is evident for everyone. This role in the information age is so obvious that managing countries without sufficient, accurate, and timely need statistics will not be possible. Since all members of a society in any social role, in one way or another, statistical activities so paying due attention to public values is essential for establishing an efficient and effective system for producing and publishing/disseminating statistics. Therefore, designing and explaining a model for creating an agile supply chain for official statistics in the country, based on the public values approach seems also necessary.<br />The present study applies a mixed approach in which the qualitative part of the research is based on the Systematic Plan Grounded Theory and in the quantitative part, the Structural Equation Modeling Approach is used to prove the designed model. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative part, was composed of the experts of the Iranian National Statistical System (INSS) and in the quantitative part, the population of the study was all management levels of the INSS. In this study, the conceptual model was conceptualized into21 sub-categories and 6 main categories. Moreover, in the quantitative part, in order to confirm the conceptual model of the research using a researcher-made questionnaire, 143 questionnaires were distributed collected and analyzed using structural equation modeling technique. The results of the study show that by fitting 0.531 for GOF, the fitting of the model was appropriate and consequently the validity of research model is confirmed.
Agile Supply Chain / Public Value / Structural Equation Modeling /,Official Statistics / Grounded Theory
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246742.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246742_d99fc95cf88897236fc38f0a12b0a33d.pdf
Institute for Trade Studies and Research
Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
1735-0794
2676-7767
25
99
2021
06
22
Economic Analysis of Business’s Violations
(The Subject of Chapter Eight of the Guild System Act)
269
290
FA
mojtaba
ghasemi
assistant professor of Shahid Beheshti University/ Faculty of Law.
mojtaba.ghasemi3@gmail.com
seyed alireza
shokuhyan
legal advisor
shokuhyan_sbu@yahoo.com
ali
Taghizadeh kelidbari
Legal Advisor
alitaghizadeh72@yahoo.com
10.22034/ijts.2021.246743
The eighth chapter of the Guild System Act (violations and penalties), plays a very important role in the regulation of small and medium businesses. An optimal act can increase the likelihood of compromise between parties and better compensate consumer, in addition to deterring potential violators from committing the offense. This can lead to a fair distribution of wealth and lower social cost. Examination of these regulations shows that the Guild System Act has not have proper procedure in detecting, investigating and imposing the necessary enforcement. Due to the low value of business litigation, likelihood of consumer complaint is very low. Therefore, on the one hand, fines should be increased to cover this deficiency and on the other hand, it should increase the likelihood of litigation; because the excessive increase in penalties, only increases social costs. For this purpose, instruments such as class action and punitive damages can be used. The process of dealing with business violations also faces serious difficulties. On the one hand, consumer’s argument for filing complaint are limited and on the other hand, they have to file their complaint first with union. An institution that is itself a supporter of business and safeguards its interests and is not entitled to receive any money for its action. Therefore, the law should explicitly require unions to refer the case to the handler authority if a business’s violation be proved- though compromised between the consumer and business.
Economic Analysis of Law / Violations / The Guild System Act / Efficiency
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246743.html
https://pajooheshnameh.itsr.ir/article_246743_0ad36e63599422bed28cf5d3787575c2.pdf